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On September 16, 1830, a crowd gathered in Baltimore, Maryland, to watch a most unusual race. A spirited gray horse was pitted against a tiny steam locomotive, the Tom Thumb. The owners of a stagecoach line had challenged the locomotive’s maker, Peter Cooper, to prove his “iron horse” could pull passengers as well as a real horse could.
Cooper was an inventor from New York. He had built Tom Thumb to convince officials of the Baltimore and Ohio Railraod that steam locomotives were practical. Iron pipe was not available in the US so he used old musket barrels for boiler tubing. A mechanical blower ssupplied air to the fire that boiled water and produced steam. The locomotive weighed one ton, but had less hosepower than most modern lawn mowers.
In a preliminary demonstration, Tom Thumb pulled a car with 36 passengers over a 13 –mile track at an average speed of 10 miles an hour. Then came the actual race. The horse was fastest off the mark, but the little locomotive soon took the lead. Victory seemed assured – until the boiler developed a leak. Tom Thumb chugged to a halt as the horse galloped ahead. Nevertheless, Peter Cooper’s demonstration concvinced the railroad officials that steam locomotives were practical, as the railroads began to prepare for the Age of Steam.
Among Cooper’s inventions were a washing machine and a a compressed-air engine for ferryboa
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